[ Article ]
Journal of Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry - Vol. 52, No. 5, pp.45-54
ISSN: 0253-3200 (Print)
Print publication date 30 Oct 2020
Received 14 Sep 2020 Revised 11 Oct 2020 Accepted 13 Oct 2020

# Accuracy of the Different Calculation Methods of Specific Edge Load

LIU Huan1, ; DONG Jixian2, ; LUO Chong3 ; DUAN Chuanwu1 ; GUO Xiya2 ; QI Kai1 ; QIAO Lijie4 ; ZHAO Zhiming2
1College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, 710021, Student, People’s Republic of China
2College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, 710021, Professor, People’s Republic of China
3Henan Cigarette Industry Sheet Co., Ltd., Henan Province, 461100, Engineer, People’s Republic of China
4College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, 710021, Lecturer, People’s Republic of China

Correspondence to: †E-mail: liuhsust@126.com (Address: College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, 710021, People’s Republic of China) Contributed by footnote: ‡ djx@sust.edu.cn (Address: College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, 710021, People’s Republic of China)

## Abstract

The specific edge load (SEL) is the commonly used intensity for measuring the low consistency refining process, while the cutting edge length (CEL) is the core parameter of it and the accuracy of its calculation is important for the process characterization. There are two main types of calculation methods of CEL for isometric straight bar plates, direct measurement methods and mathematical calculations based on the bar parameters. The CEL of isometric straight bar plates with different bar angles, field angles and bar width, calculated by different methods, were explored in order to verify the calculation accuracy of different methods. It was found that CEL4 and CEL5 could not be used for the CEL calculation of isometric straight bar plates due to the large errors, and CEL1 was the most accurate direct measurement method. While the recommended mathematical calculation method was CEL3 which could effectively and simply calculate the CEL of the straight bar plates with smaller errors.

## Keywords:

Low consistency refining, isometric straight bar plate, specific edge load, cutting edge length, accuracy

## 1. Introduction

Low consistency pulp refining is an important operating unit to modify the properties of pulp and fibers, and it is usually measured by the refining intensity. Specific edge load (SEL)1) is a widely used indicator to measure the strength of low consistency (LC) refining process conducted by straight bar plates, and many other intensities were proposed based on it, such as specific surface load (SSL),2) modified edge load (MEL)3) and modified specific surface load (MSSL)4) etc. Meanwhile, the SEL is the basis of the structure design of straight bar plates and controlling of the LC refining processes.5-10) Therefore, the accurate calculation of the SEL is important for the optimal design of the straight bar plates and the control of the LC refining process.

Specific edge load, proposed by Brecht et al.,1) is one of the earliest established refining intensities. Compared with other refining intensities that considering more bar parameters, SEL has the characteristics of simple and easy calculation. It can be directly used to the design of the straight bar plates due to the value of it can be converted into the arrangement of bars or the calculation of cutting edge length. The SEL could be expressed by Eq.1.

 $SEL=\frac{{P}_{net}}{n\cdot CEL}$ [1]

In which the Pnet is the net power of the refining process (kW), n is the rotation speed of the refining plate (r/min), and the CEL is the cutting edge length of the refining plate (m/r).

A reasonable value of SEL can be determined through comprehensive consideration of pulp type and refining process,11,12) and then the range of CEL can be obtained to guide the design of straight bar refining plates. It was noted that the CEL is the characterization parameter and core parameter of SEL,13) which can also be called the characterization parameter of refining plates.

Through the analysis of previous studies, many kinds of calculation methods of CEL existed. When Wultsch et al.,14) proposed the prototype of SEL, they defined a new parameter, cumulative edge length, L, that is the bar edge length or the cutting edge length during refining mentioned above, and the expression of it is,

 $L={n}_{R}\cdot {n}_{S}\cdot {l}_{\text{a}}$ [2]

In which, nR and nS is the bar number of rotor and stator, and la is the average bar length (mm).

If the CEL of the isometric straight bar plates was calculated according to the definition of Eq.2, it could be obtained15)

 $CEL=\sum _{k=1}^{P}{n}_{Rk}\cdot {n}_{Sk}\cdot ∆{R}_{\text{k}}$ [3]

Where k is the number of ring partition, nRk and nSk are the bar number of rotor and stator in the ring partition k, and the ΔRk is the radial length of the ring k.

The bar angle of the isometric straight bar plate was not considered in the CEL calculated by Eq.3. And the TAPPI Preparation Committee16) considers the bar angle of the refining plate and the calculation method, expressed by Eq.3, was modified, which could be expressed by Eq.4.

 $CEL=\sqrt{\frac{\sum _{k=1}^{P}{n}_{Rk}^{2}∆{R}_{\text{k}}}{{\mathrm{cos}\alpha }_{AR}}}\cdot \sqrt{\frac{\sum _{k=1}^{P}{n}_{Rk}^{2}∆{R}_{\text{k}}}{{\mathrm{cos}\alpha }_{AS}}}$ [4]

In which, αAR and αAS are the average bar angle of the rotor and stator (°), and it could be calculated by the following equation.

 [5]

Where β is the field angle (°).

Roux et al.15) considered the bar angle of the refiner plate and recalculated the bar number of rotor and stator. The CEL of the refining plate could be obtained by integration from the internal radius, Ri, to the outer radius, Ro, and it could be expressed by Eq.6.

 $\begin{array}{c}CEL=\underset{{R}_{i}}{\overset{{R}_{o}}{\int }}\frac{{n}_{R}\left(R\right)\cdot {n}_{S}\left(R\right)\cdot dR}{{\mathrm{cos}\alpha }_{S}\cdot {\mathrm{cos}\alpha }_{R}}\hfill \\ =\frac{4{\pi }^{2}\left({R}_{0}^{3}-{R}_{i}^{3}\right)}{3\left({b}_{R}+{g}_{R}\right)\left({b}_{S}+{g}_{S}\right)}\hfill \end{array}$ [6]

In which, αS and αR are the bar angle of the stator and rotor (°), bR and bS are the bar width of the stator and rotor (mm), and the gR and gS are the groove width of the stator and rotor (mm).

If the calculation method of the bar number used in Eq.6 was introduced, the Eq.4 could be written as

 $CEL=\frac{4{\pi }^{2}\left({R}_{0}^{3}-{R}_{i}^{3}\right)}{3\left({b}_{R}+{g}_{R}\right)\left({b}_{S}+{g}_{S}\right)}×\sqrt{{\mathrm{cos}\alpha }_{AR}\cdot {\mathrm{cos}\alpha }_{AS}}$ [7]

Except the bar width, groove width, there are three important angular parameters of refining plate, field angle, bar angle of the rotor and stator, which must be concerned when charactering the refining process. However, the filed angle of the refining plate is not considered in Eqs.3, 4, 6 and 7.

Roux et al.17) comprehensively considered the field angle β, bar angles of rotor and stator, αS, αR, and defined an angular parameter factor. Therefore, the CEL becomes,

 $\begin{array}{c}CEL=\frac{4{\pi }^{2}\left({R}_{0}^{3}-{R}_{i}^{3}\right)}{3\left({b}_{R}+{g}_{R}\right)\left({b}_{S}+{g}_{S}\right)}\hfill \\ \frac{\left[\mathrm{sin}\left({\alpha }_{S}+\beta \right)-\mathrm{sin}{\alpha }_{S}\right]\left[\mathrm{sin}\left({\alpha }_{R}+\beta \right)-\mathrm{sin}{\alpha }_{R}\right]}{{\beta }^{2}}\hfill \end{array}$ [8]

Through the analysis of the above calculation methods of the CEL, it can be concluded that two types of calculation methods existed, direct measurement methods, represented by Eqs.3 and 4, and mathematical calculation methods proposed by considering different bar parameters, mainly represented by Eqs.6, 7 and 8. Theoretically, the direct calculation method is relatively accurate, while the mathematical calculation methods are relatively simple and convenient compared to the previous one. However, its accuracy should be further studied.

The objective of this study was to explore the accuracy of different methods for calculating the SEL based on the analysis of the CEL of isometric straight bar plates with different bar widths, field angles and bar angles, which is benefit for the selection of the calculation method and the optimal controlling of the LC refining process.

## 2. Methodology

### 2.1 Isometric straight bar plates with different bar parameters

The bar parameters of the isometric straight bar plates mainly include the inner and outer radius of the refining plates, Ri, Ro, the bar angle α, the field angle β, the bar width b, the groove width g, etc., as shown in Fig. 1. To explore the accuracy of the above methods for calculating the CEL of refining plates, three types of isometric straight bar plates with different bar angle, field angle, and bar width were designed in this paper.6,18) The inner radius, outer radius and bar height of them are the same, they are 41.25 mm, 101.5 mm, and 4 mm. Other parameters will be described in the following section.

Main parameters of the straight bar plates.

2.1.1 Bar angle

Seven isometric straight bar plates with different bar angles were designed to clarify the accuracy of different calculation methods for the CEL calculation of straight bar plates with different bar angles, as shown in Table 1. The bar width, groove width and field angle of them are 2 mm, 3 mm and 40°.

The structure of the isometric straight bar plates with different bar angles

2.1.2 Field angle

The field angle is one of the important bar parameters of the straight bar refining plates. Through considering the calculation method of β in previous study6) and the convenience design of the refiner plate, nine isometric straight bar plates with different filed angles were designed, which can be shown in Table 2. The bar width, groove width and bar angle of them are 2 mm, 3 mm, and 10°.

The structure of the isometric straight bar plates with different field angles

2.1.3 Bar and groove width

The bar and groove width are the two key parameters of straight bar plates. Under the constant refining conditions, the intensity of the refining process can be changed by adjusting both. Therefore, it is very important to investigate the CEL calculation of straight bar plates with different bar and groove widths. The code of straight bar plates is usually expressed by "bar width-groove width-bar height", and it can be referred to "bar width-groove width" when the bar height was kept constant. In this paper, nine straight bar plates with different bar width were designed with the constant ratio of bar width and groove width, 2/3, as shown in Table 3, in which the field angle and bar angle are 40° and 10°.

The structure of the isometric straight bar plates with different bar and groove width

### 2.2 CEL calculation

The calculation methods mentioned above, such as Eqs.3, 4, 6, 7 and 8, were proposed based on the fact the bar parameters of rotor and stator are different. While the rotor and stator with the same bar parameters were concerned to simplify the calculation and clarify the accuracy of different methods. The simplified calculation formulas were shown in Table 4, in which the αA is the average bar angle of the rotor and stator.

CEL calculation methods for the rotor and stator plates with same bar parameters

Elahimehr19) thought that the integral form of the CEL defined by the TAPPI standard TIP could be expressed by

 $CEL=\underset{{R}_{i}}{\overset{{R}_{o}}{\int }}\frac{{n}_{R}\left(R\right){n}_{S}\left(R\right)}{{\mathrm{cos}\alpha }_{A}}dR$ [9]

For the rotor and stator plates with the same bar parameters, Eq.9 could be simplified and it was shown in Table 4.

Among all the calculation methods in Table 4, the corresponding formulas of Eqs.3 and 4 are the two closest methods to the definition, Eq.2. However, the radial length of the single ring zone was considered in Eq.3 which is not the true bar length, and the bar length of the single ring zone was concerned by Eq.4. Therefore, the CEL calculated by Eq.4 would be more accurate. It was found the bar length of a right-handed plate in the single ring zone will gradually decrease from left to right, which means the bar length in the middle of the ring can better measure the average bar length. The controlled CEL was calculated which can be described by Eq.10.

 $CE{L}_{\text{c}}=\sum _{k=1}^{p}{n}_{k}^{2}\cdot ∆{l}_{m\text{k}}$ [10]

In which, the Δlmk is the bar length of the bar in the middle of the zone k.

## 3. Results and discussion

### 3.1 Theoretical analysis

The calculation methods of Eqs.3, 4, and 10 were the direct measurement method and their principle was similar to the definition expressed by Eq.2. However, their understanding of the bar length was different, and the radial length of the single ring zone was considered in the calculation of CEL0, which could not characterize the CEL accurately. Eqs. 6 to 9 are the mathematical calculation formulas that relating nk and bar length to other bar parameters of the refining plates. While the bar angle and field angle were not included in the calculation of CEL2, which means that CEL2 cannot be affected by them and CEL2 cannot better measure the refining intensity of the straight bar plates with different bar angles and field angles. Although the Eqs.7 ,8 and 9 are the modified version compared to the Eq.6, the accuracy of them should be further explored compared to the actual value calculated by Eq.10.

### 3.2 Bar angle

Bar angle is one of the important parameters that greatly affects the CEL of the isometric straight bar plates. And the accuracy of different calculation methods for the CEL of straight bar plates with different bar angles was explored in this paper, as shown in Fig.2. Except for the CEL2 and CEL5, all the value of CEL calculated by other methods gradually decreases with the increasing of plate bar angle which is consistent with the results obtained by Liu et al.18,20) However, the degree of reduction of them is different and it depends on the accuracy of the calculation method. The CEL1 and CELC are basically the same due to the similar calculation of the bar length in the single ring zone. While the calculation of the CEL1 and CELC are troublesome for that all the bar lengths in different ring zones should be measured separately. In addition, there is no obvious relationship between CEL2 and plate bar angle, which is consistent with the conclusion obtained from the section of theoretical analysis, and the value of it is bigger than that of CELC. The CEL5 of plates gradually increases with the increasing of plate bar angle which is not in line with the facts. Although the value of CEL4 gradually increase with the bar angle, both the value of CEL4 and CEL5 are much larger than that of actual CEL value. Therefore, the calculation methods of CEL2, CEL4 and CEL5 are not suitable for accurate calculation of CEL for isometric straight bar plates with different bar angles. The change of CEL0, CEL1 and CEL3 over the bar angle is consistent with that of CELC, while the value of CEL1 is closer to the actual value, CELC, as shown in Fig.3. Meanwhile, the CEL0 is smaller than the CELC due to the radius increment in a single ring zone was considered as the bar length. Therefore, it is recommended to use CEL1 and CEL3 when the CEL of isometric straight bar plates with different bar angles were calculated, while the value of CEL1 is the closest one to the actual value and CEL3 is the easiest method.

The relationship between the CEL calculated by different methods and the bar angle of isometric straight bar plate.

The deviation of CEL0, CEL1, CEL3 and CELC over bar angle of the straight bar plates.

### 3.3 Field angle

The field angle is another angular parameter of isometric straight bar plates, and there is a direct relationship between the field angle and CEL, meanwhile, the accuracy of CEL calculated by different methods is different, as shown in Figs. 4 and 5. Similar to the results obtained from theoretical analysis, CEL2 remains constant as the increasing of the field angle of straight bar plate due to that it does not take into account the important angular parameters. Actually the CEL of straight bar plate has a tendency to decrease as the increase of the field angle, which means that it is difficult for CEL2 and CEL5 to accurately calculate the CEL of straight bar plates with different field angles. In addition, CEL4 cannot be used to accurately calculate it due to its large volatility. Therefore, the effective method to calculate the CEL of straight bar plates with different field angles are the direct measurement methods, CEL0 and CEL1, and the mathematical calculation method, CEL3, as shown in Fig. 5. And the accuracy of the above three is different, and the recommended order would be CEL1, CEL3 and CEL0 according to the magnitude of the deviation value. Therefore, the most effective CEL calculation method of straight bar plates with different field angles is CEL3, except the direct measurement method, CEL1.

The relationship between the CEL calculated by different methods and the field angle of isometric straight bar plate.

The deviation of CEL0, CEL1, CEL3 and CELC over field angle of the straight bar plates.

### 3.4 Bar and groove width

The change of the bar and groove width of straight bar plates is one of the main ways to adjust the refining intensity of the LC refining process, and both the value of them will directly affect the CEL of the plates. The effect of the bar width on the CEL calculated by different methods were explored under the constant ratio of the bar width and groove width, as shown in Fig. 6. It was found that the value of CEL gradually decreases with the increasing of bar width no matter which method was used, while the value of CEL4 is much larger than the actual value, CELC, and the CEL calculated by other methods, therefore, the CEL4 cannot be used to the CEL calculation of the straight bar plates with different bar width. The difference between the value obtained by other calculation methods and the CELC gradually decreases as the bar width of the straight bar plates increases, as shown in Fig. 7. Among them, the value of CEL1, CEL2, CEL3 and CEL5 is greater than the CELC, and CEL0 is less than it, and the reason for it was explained in the section of bar angle. It can also be seen that CEL1 is almost the same as the actual value, CELC, which means that the average bar length can be represented by the bar length of the intermediate bar in the ring. And the deviation of CEL3 from the CELC is the smallest among all mathematical calculation methods. Therefore, the recommended CEL calculation methods of isometric straight bar plates with different bar width are the CEL1 and CEL3, while the latter is the simple one.

The relationship between the CEL calculated by different methods and the bar width of isometric straight bar plate.

The deviation of CEL0, CEL1, CEL3 , CEL5 and CELC over bar width of the straight bar plates.

## 4.Conclusions

As the characteristic parameter of SEL, CEL is the core calculation part of it. Different CEL calculation methods of isometric straight bar plates were summarized, and the accuracy of them were explored in this paper.

The direct measurement methods and mathematical calculation methods based on bar parameters are the two main types methods of CEL calculation for straight bar plates. The core of the direct measurement method is the calculation of the bar length in the single ring zone, while the mathematical calculation methods are relatively simple compared to direct one. However, the most accurate methods are the direct measurement methods based on the bar average length, and there are large errors of the mathematical methods for the CEL calculation.

The bar angle and field angle of isometric straight bar plates will greatly affect the CEL of the plates, and the change trend of the CEL obtained by the different calculation methods over the bar angle and field angle are different. The actual value of CEL, CELC, gradually decrease with the increase of bar angle and field angle of the plates, while its change rate over the bar angle is more obvious compared to that of the field angle. In addition to the direct measurement method, CEL1, which can accurately calculate the CEL of straight bar plates with different angular parameters, CEL3 can replace the direct measurement method to a certain extent and simplify the CEL calculation.

The value of CEL of the isometric straight bar plates, calculated by all methods, gradually decrease with the increasing of the bar width under the constant ratio of bar and groove width. And the CEL1 and CEL3 are the two effective methods for the calculating of the CEL of isometric straight bar plate with different bar width.

## Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the funding by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Grant No. 50745048, Shaanxi Provincial Key Research and Development Project, Grant No. 2020 GY-105 and 2020 GY-174.

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### Fig. 1.

Main parameters of the straight bar plates.

### Fig. 2.

The relationship between the CEL calculated by different methods and the bar angle of isometric straight bar plate.

### Fig. 3.

The deviation of CEL0, CEL1, CEL3 and CELC over bar angle of the straight bar plates.

### Fig. 4.

The relationship between the CEL calculated by different methods and the field angle of isometric straight bar plate.

### Fig. 5.

The deviation of CEL0, CEL1, CEL3 and CELC over field angle of the straight bar plates.

### Fig. 6.

The relationship between the CEL calculated by different methods and the bar width of isometric straight bar plate.

### Fig. 7.

The deviation of CEL0, CEL1, CEL3 , CEL5 and CELC over bar width of the straight bar plates.

### Table 1.

The structure of the isometric straight bar plates with different bar angles

α 10° 15° 22° 39° 50°
Plate
structure

### Table 2.

The structure of the isometric straight bar plates with different field angles

β 12° 18° 22.5° 24° 30° 36° 40° 45° 60°
Plate
structure

### Table 3.

The structure of the isometric straight bar plates with different bar and groove width

Code 1.5-2.25 2-3 2.5-3.75 3-4.5 3.5-5.25 4-6 4.5-6.75 5-7.5 6-9
Plate
structure

### Table 4.

CEL calculation methods for the rotor and stator plates with same bar parameters

NO Original formula Simplified calculation formula
1 Eq.3 $CE{L}_{\text{0}}=\sum _{k=1}^{p}{n}_{k}^{2}\cdot ∆{R}_{\text{k}}$
2 Eq.4 $CE{L}_{\text{1}}=\sum _{k=1}^{p}{n}_{k}^{2}\cdot ∆{R}_{\text{k}}}{{\mathrm{cos}\alpha }_{A}}$
3 Eq.6 $CE{L}_{\text{2}}=4{\pi }^{2}\left({R}_{0}^{3}-{R}_{i}^{3}\right)}{\left[3{\left(b+g\right)}^{2}\right]}$
4 Eq.7 $CE{L}_{\text{3}}=4{\pi }^{2}\left({R}_{0}^{3}-{R}_{i}^{3}\right){\mathrm{cos}\alpha }_{A}/3{\left(b+g\right)}^{2}$
5 Eq.8 $CE{L}_{\text{4}}=4{\pi }^{2}\left({R}_{0}^{3}-{R}_{i}^{3}\right){\left[\mathrm{sin}\left(\alpha +\beta \right)-\mathrm{sin}\alpha \right]}^{2}}{\left[3{\left(b+g\right)}^{2}{\beta }^{2}\right]}$
6 Eq.9 $CE{L}_{\text{5}}=4{\pi }^{2}\left({R}_{0}^{3}-{R}_{i}^{3}\right)}{\left[3\mathrm{cos}\alpha {\left(b+g\right)}^{2}\right]}$